Linkages for lateral learning among farmers scientists and extension workers: story of match makers and lessons for link breakers

Abstract

The linkages between farmers, scientists and extension workers have been studied through several angles. The barriers to learning at individual and organizational level have been listed. The relation between the type of linkages and the portfolio of enterprises households have, is discussed through Mean-Variance Matrix. Finally, lessons for making and breaking links are reviewed. In appendix one channels of communication between farmers and scientists are analysed. In Appendix two a critique of study by ISNAR, The Hague, on the subject is presented. In Annex-3 a research review on inter-organizational linkages between research institutions engaged in research for rainfed regions is presented. Annex-4 includes discussion on institutional context for lateral learning. It is argued that to forge new links between disadvantaged farmers, scientists and extension workers, some of the old links will have to be broken. After all, one could not add indefinitely without subtracting. The technology transfer paradigm has emphasized the demand side individual oriented approach too much. There is a need for making a transition to portfolio approach to designing technology development and diffusion in high risk environments.