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A review on bilevel optimization: from classical to evolutionary approaches and applications
(IEEE, 2018)
Bilevel optimization is defined as a mathematical
program, where an optimization problem contains another optimization
problem as a constraint. These problems have received
significant attention from the mathematical ...
Bilevel optimization based on iterative approximation of multiple mappings
(Journal of Heuristics, 2020)
A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel optimization problems and have been studied by both ...